Saturday, February 26, 2011

English Slang

Slang words and phrases in English

Slang is a type of language consisting of words and phrases that:


- are considered to be very informal
- are more common in speech than in writing
- are typically restricted to a particular group of people or context

 

A

abortion

Meaning: a total failure
For example:
  • The government's housing project was a complete abortion. It cost millions and it didn't help anyone.
  • The election ended up being a total abortion thanks to vote buying.

abs

Meaning: abdominal or stomach muscles
For example:
  • If I do 100 sit-ups a day my abs should be rippling in a couple of months.
  • Your chest and your arms look good, but your abs need a bit of work.
Origin: short for "abdominals"

ace (1)

Meaning: very skillful, very good at something
For example:
  • My little brother was never interested in sports when he was young, but now he's an ace basketball player.
  • If you want to be an ace fighter, you should learn hand-to-hand combat skills like karate or Muay Thai.

ace (2)

Meaning: to easily pass an exam or a test
For example:
  • Jill was up all night studying, and the next day she aced her history exam.
  • Even though he was nervous, Simon aced his driving test and got his driver's licence.

acid

Meaning: the potent hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD
For example:
  • The first time Virginia took a tab of acid, she went a bit crazy and thought she could fly. She was in hospital for three months after jumping off a building.
  • Acid is a very powerful drug, and it can be very dangerous. 

Quick Quiz:
The rehearsal of our play was a complete abortion because
  1. no-one had learned their lines
  2. it went really well
  3. it started a few minutes late
If someone says you've got nice abs, they've been looking at
  1. your exam results
  2. your medical records
  3. your midsection or midriff
Louis is an ace driver on the Formula One circuit, so he's
  1. very good at driving golf balls
  2. highly skilled at racing fast cars
  3. an average Formula One driver
If a student aces an exam, they'll feel
  1. very happy
  2. very disappointed
  3. very nervous
If someone takes a tab of acid, they will probably
  1. be arrested for stealing chemicals
  2. see things that aren't real
  3. go to sleep

                                                                                            Ref: http://www.englishclub.com




    ခရစ္စမတ္လက္ေဆာင္

    ဒယ္လာ သူ႔လက္ထဲမွာရွိတဲ့ ပုိက္ဆံေလးကုိ အၾကိမ္ၾကိမ္အခါခါ ေရတြက္ျပီးပါျပီ။ အားလံုးေပါင္းမွ 1 ေဒၚလာနဲ႔ ၈၇ ဆန္႔ပဲ ရွိပါတယ္။ အင္း........မနက္ျဖန္က ခရစ္စမတ္ေန႔ေလ။

    ဒယ္လာနဲ႔ သူ႔ခင္ပြန္း ဂ်င္ဟာ ေတာ္ေတာ္ေလးကုိ ဆင္းရဲၾကပါတယ္။ ဂ်င္က တပတ္လုံး အလုပ္လုပ္မွ ေဒၚလာ ၂၀ ရတာေလ။ ဒါေပမယ့္လည္း သူ႔ရဲ႕ ခ်စ္လွစြာေသာ ဇနီးရွိတဲ့ အိမ္ခန္းက်ဥ္းေလးကုိ အလုပ္က ျပန္လာတဲ့အခါတုိင္း အျမဲေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ေနတတ္တဲ့ လူတစ္ေယာက္ပါ။

    ဒယ္လာ မွန္ၾကည့္ရင္းနဲ႔ သူဘာလုပ္သင့္တယ္ဆုိတာ နားလည္လုိက္တယ္။သူတုိ႔ လင္မယားႏွစ္ေယာက္မွာ အခ်မ္းသာဆံုး တန္ဖုိးအၾကီးဆံုးဆုိျပီးေျပာစရာ ဂုဏ္ယူစရာ ပစၥည္းႏွစ္ခုေတာ့ရိွပါတယ္။ သူတုိ႔လင္မယားႏွစ္ေယာက္ အရမ္းတန္ဖုိးထားတဲ့ ပစၥည္းေလးႏွစ္ခုေပါ႔။ အဲဒါေတြကေတာ့ ဂ်င္ရဲ႕ ေရႊနဲ႔ လုပ္ထားတဲ့ နာရီေလး ။ အဲဒါက သူ႔အဖုိးကေနတဆင့္ သူ႔အေဖ၊ သူ႔အေဖကေနတဆင့္ သူ႔ဆီကုိ အဆင့္ဆင့္အေမြေပးခဲ့တဲ့ ပစၥည္းေလးပါ။ ျပီးေတာ့ ေနာက္တစ္ခုက ဒယ္လာရဲ႕ အလြန္လွပစြဲမက္ဖုိ႔ေကာင္းတဲ့ ဆံႏြယ္ရွည္ရွည္ေတြေပါ႔။ ဒီေန႔မနက္ ဂ်င္ အလုပ္ကုိ ထြက္သြားေတာ့ ဒယ္လာလည္း ဆုိင္တစ္ဆုိင္ကုိ ခပ္သုတ္သုတ္ေလး ထြက္လာပါတယ္။ အဲဒီဆုိင္မွာ ေရးထားတာကေတာ့ " ဆံပင္တုျပဳလုပ္ေရာင္း၀ယ္ေရး" တဲ့ေလ။ သူဆုိင္ထဲကုိ ၀င္ျပီး ဒုတိယထပ္ကုိ တက္သြားခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီမွာ ဆုိင္ရွင္အမ်ဳိးသမီးကုိ ေမးလိုက္ပါတယ္ ...

    - ကၽြန္မ ဆံပင္ကုိ ၀ယ္ႏုိင္မလား မသိဘူး ရွင္...
    - ဟုတ္ကဲ့ ၀ယ္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ကၽြန္မ ဆံပင္အရင္ၾကည့္ပါရေစ။ ရွင္ေဆာင္းထားတဲ့ ေခါင္းစြပ္ေလး ခဏခၽြတ္ေပးပါ။
    - ဟုတ္ကဲ့ပါ ကၽြန္မ ရွင့္ဆံပင္ကုိ ေဒၚလာ ၂၀ ေပးႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ 
    - ဟုတ္ကဲ့ပါရွင္. ကၽြန္မ ေရာင္းပါ့မယ္။ 

    ဒယ္လာလကထဲက ပုိက္ဆံေလးကို ၾကည့္ျပီး ေနာက္ထပ္ ဆုိင္တစ္ဆုိင္ကုိ သြားဖုိ႔ဆံုးျဖတ္ခဲ့တယ္ေလ။ ျပီးေတာ့ သူဆုိင္ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားကုိ ရွာေဖြျပီးေနာက္ဆံုးမွာ သူရွာေတြ႔ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီဆုိင္မွာ သူ႔ေယာကၤ်ားကုိ ခရစ္စမတ္လက္ေဆာင္ေပးဖုိ႔ ပစၥည္းေလးကိုေပါ႔။ လွပတဲ့ ေရႊနာရီခ်ိန္းၾကိဳးေလးပါ။ 
     " အုိ .......ဘယ္ေလာက္လွလုိက္တဲ့ ၾကိဳးေလပါလဲ "
    "ဒီၾကိဳးေလးသာ ဂ်င့္ကုိ ေပးလုိက္ရင္ သူ႔ရဲ႕တန္ဖုိးအထားဆံုး နာရီေလးကုိ သူ ခဏခဏၾကည့္ ေနေတာ့မွာပဲ"
    " အရင္က သူက နာရီေလးမွာ ၾကိဳးမရွိလုိ႔ မ၀တ္ႏုိင္ရွာဘူးေလ... အခုေတာ့.........."
     ဒယ္လာေတြးရင္းနဲ႔ ေပ်ာ္ေနပါတယ္။
     ဒါေပမယ့္ ည ၇ နာရီေရာက္ေတာ့ ညေနစာ ခ်က္ျပဳတ္၊ နာရီၾကိဳးေလးကုိ ကုိင္ျပီး စုိးရိမ္မႈေလးတခ်ဳိ႕နဲ႔ ခင္ပြန္းသည္ျပန္အလာကုိ ေစာင့္ေနပါတယ္။ ဟုတ္ပါတယ္ .....တကယ္လုိ႔မ်ား ကၽြန္မေယာကၤ်ားက ကၽြန္မကုိဒီလုိဆံပင္အတုိေလးနဲ႔ ျပီးေတာ့ သူျမတ္ႏုိးတန္ဖုိးထားတဲ့ ဆံႏြယ္ရွည္ေတြမရွိေတာ့ပဲ ေတြ႔တဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ ကၽြန္မကုိ ဘာေတြမ်ား ေျပာမလဲေပါ့။

    ဒါေပမယ့္ ဒီေန႔မွ အရင္က ၇ နာရီဆုိ ျပန္လာတတ္တဲ့ ဂ်င္ဟာ အခုထိျပန္မေရာက္လာေသးဘူးေလ။ အဲဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ ရုတ္တရက္ အိမ္တခါးေလးပြင့္ျပီး အံၾသမင္တက္စြာနဲ႔ ၾကည့္ေနတဲ့ ဂ်င့္ကုိ သူေတြ႔လုိက္ပါတယ္။ သူဒီေလာက္ဘာလို႔ စိမ္းစိမ္းကားကားၾကည့္ေနတာလဲ။ သူသိပါတယ္။ 
    -"ဂ်င္ ....ကၽြန္မ ကၽြန္မေလ ဆံပင္ေတြကုိ ေရာင္းလုိက္ပါတယ္။ ကၽြန္မ ရွင့္ကုိ ခရစ္စမတ္လက္ေဆာင္ေလး ေပးခ်င္လုိ႔ပါ။ ကၽြန္မကုိ စိတ္မဆုိးပါနဲ႔ေနာ္။ ကၽြန္မ ဆံပင္ေတြက ျမန္ျမန္ျပန္ရွည္လာမွာပါ။ 
    ကၽြန္မကုိ ခ်စ္ႏုိင္ေသးရဲ႕လားဟင္ "

    ဂ်င္က သူမကုိ ၾကည့္ျပီး  
    " မင္းဆုိလိုတာက မင္းမွာ အခုလွပစြဲမက္စရာေကာင္းတဲ့ ဆံႏြယ္ေတြ မရွိေတာ့ဘူးေပါ့ ဟုတ္လား။ "
     " ဂ်င္ ...ကၽြန္မ ဆံပင္ေလးေတြ ေရာင္းျပီး လက္ေဆာင္ေလး၀ယ္ခဲ့တာပါ။ ဒီမွာေလး ဘယ္ေလာက္ေတာင္ လွပတဲ့ ကၽြန္မ လက္ေဆာင္ေလးလဲ ဟင္ ၾကည့္ပါအံုး အခ်စ္ရယ္ " 

    ဂ်င္ သူ႔ခ်စ္ဇနီးေလးကုိ ႏူးညံ့ၾကည္ႏူးစြာနဲ႔ ညင္ညင္သာသာေလး ရင္ခြင္ထဲ ဖက္ထားလိုက္ပါတယ္။ သူ႔ဇနီးေပးတဲ့ လက္ေဆာင္ဘူးေလးကုိ ေဘးမွာ ခ်ျပီး .......


    " ဒယ္လာ အခ်စ္ေလးရယ္ ... ကုိက မင္းကုိ အျမဲထာ၀ရခ်စ္ေနမဲ့ သူပါကြာ။ ဘယ္ဟာမွ မင္းေလာက္အေရးမၾကီးပါဘူး။ ဆံပင္တုိတာေတြ ရွည္တာေတြကလည္း က႔ုိ အခ်စ္ကုိ သက္ေရာက္မႈမရွိပါဘူး ... အခ်စ္ေလးရယ္...။ ကုိယ့္လည္း အခ်စ္အတြက္ လက္ေဆာင္ေလး ၀ယ္ခဲ့တယ္ ..ၾကည့္ပါအံုးကြာ ..."
    ဒယ္လာ လက္ေဆာင္ဘူးေလးကုိ ယုယုယယေလးနဲ႔ ဖြင့္လုိက္ပါတယ္။ ရုတ္တရက္ ၀မ္းသာလြန္းလုိ႔ ထေအာ္မိသြားတယ္။ ျပီးေတာ့ မတ္မတ္ရပ္ႏုိင္စြမ္းေတာင္မရွိေတာ့ပဲ စားပြခံုေလးမွာ ထုိင္ျပီးငိုတယ္။ သူ႔ေရွ႕က စားပြဲေပၚမွာေတာ့  သူ႔ဘ၀တစ္ေလွ်ာက္လံုး စိတ္ကူးယဥ္ခဲ့ဖူးတဲ့၊ ခ်မ္းသာတဲ့ လူေတြသာ သြားေလ့ရွိတဲ့၊ ဆုိင္ၾကီးက ျပတင္းေပါက္ေလးကေနသာ ျမင္ခဲ့ဘူးတဲ့၊ တန္ဖုိးၾကီးတဲ့ ေရႊေရာင္ ဘီးကုတ္ေလးေပါ႔။ ဂ်င္က သူ႔ကုိ အဲဒီဘီးကုတ္ေလး လက္ေဆာင္ေပးျပီ ဒါေပမယ့္ သူ႔ရဲ႕ အရမ္းခ်စ္စရာေကာင္းတယ္ဆုိတဲ့ ဆံႏြယ္ေတြက ဘယ္မွာလဲ။ သူ အငုိမ်က္လုံး အျပံဳးမ်က္နွာေလးနဲ႔ ေျပာလုိက္တယ္.....


    " အခ်စ္ရယ္ ကၽြန္မ ဆံပင္ေတြ ျမန္ျမန္ျပန္ရွည္လာမွာပါေနာ္ "

    ရုတ္တရက္ သူ သတိရသြားတယ္ ဂ်င္ သူေပးတဲ့ လက္ေဆာင္ေလးကို မဖြင့္ရေသးဘူးေလ။ သူဖြင့္ေပးလုိက္ျပီး ...
    " ဂ်င္ အခ်စ္ေလး အခုကၽြန္မေပးတဲ့ နာရီၾကိဳးေလးေၾကာင့္ တေန႔ကုိ အၾကိမ္တရာေလာက္ နာရီၾကည့္ေနေတာ့မွာ၊ ဟုတ္တယ္မလား ေပ်ာ္တယ္မလားဟင္  "

    ဂ်င္က သူ႔ခ်စ္ဇနီးေလးကုိ အၾကင္နာအျပည့္နဲ႔ ၾကည့္ျပီး...

    " ကုိယ္တကယ္ေပ်ာ္ပါတယ္ အခ်စ္ရယ္..."
    " ကိုယ္တို႔ လက္ေဆာင္ေလးေတြကုိ ခဏသိမ္းထားၾကမယ္ေလ။ ဒါေလးေတြက အခု ကုိယ္တုိ႔ သံုးလုိ႔မရေသးဘူး အခ်စ္ရဲ႕၊ အခ်ိန္နည္းနည္းေစာင့္ၾကတာေပါ့ကြာ ေနာ္၊ ကုိ မင္းကုိ လက္ေဆာင္ေလး၀ယ္ေပးဖုိ႔ ကုိ႔ နာရီေလးကုိ ေရာင္းလုိက္လုိ႔ပါ အခ်စ္ေလးရယ္ " ............


     (ရုရွားစာေရးဆရာ Henry ၏ Подарки к Рождеству ( Christmas Gifts ) ကုိ ဆီေလ်ာ္ေအာင္ ဘာသာျပန္ထားပါသည္။ ) 
                                                                                                   Translated by Coralchitthu




    Sunday, February 20, 2011

    Picture Cutout Guide




    Photo cutout ဖို႔ အတြက္ အဆင္ေျပတဲ့  portable software ေလးပါ သံုးရတာ အဆင္ေျပျပီး portable ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ ေတာ္ေတာ္အဆင္ေျပပါတယ္ size ကလည္း 5M ေလာက္ပဲ ရွိတဲ့ အတြက္  စက္လည္း မေလးေတာ့ဘူးေပါ႔ဗ်ာ။ ကုိယ့္ခ်စ္သူ၊ အသိ၊ မိဘ ေဆြမ်ဳိးပံုေလးေတြကို အဆင္ေျပသလုိ Edit လုပ္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ စမ္းၾကည့္ခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ ေအာက္က Link ေလးေတြကေန Download ယူလုိက္ၾကပါခင္ဗ်ာ......


                                                         (အားလံုးအဆင္ေျပေခ်ာေမြ႔ပါေစ) 
      

    ဓာတ္ပံုေလးေတြပါ ........

    I hope that backpack is a parachute.

    Ahhhh, it's so warm and cuddly on here....


    Look like he want to be alone..... and chances are he will be....










    Next time you have extra time try stacking your coins

    I guess can cats read after all
    This is not as comfy as I thought it would be.



    Is the sign is really necessary?

    Don't try this at home...

    This water is so clear the boat seems to be floating on air..

    I'm sorry........I don't know you were coming back....




    You may not be happy with dinner but you are going to eat it anyway!
    Cool Mailboxes




    Bye Bye freeway.......Mother nature had another idea..



    Saturday, February 19, 2011

    Tenses

    The English Tense System
    The links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic tenses. In each lesson we look at two aspects of the tense:
    • Structure: How do we make the tense?
    • Use: When and why do we use the tense?
    Some lessons look at additional aspects, and most of them finish with a quiz to check your understanding.

    Simple Present Tense

    I sing

    How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

    subject+auxiliary verb+main verb
    dobase
    There are three important exceptions:
    1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
    2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
    3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
    Look at these examples with the main verb like:
    subjectauxiliary verbmain verb
    +I, you, we, they
    likecoffee.
    He, she, it
    likescoffee.
    -I, you, we, theydonotlikecoffee.
    He, she, itdoesnotlikecoffee.
    ?DoI, you, we, theylikecoffee?
    Doeshe, she, itlikecoffee?
    Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:
    subjectmain verb
    +IamFrench.
    You, we, theyareFrench.
    He, she, itisFrench.
    -Iamnotold.
    You, we, theyarenotold.
    He, she, itisnotold.
    ?AmIlate?
    Areyou, we, theylate?
    Ishe, she, itlate?

    How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

    We use the simple present tense when:
    • the action is general
    • the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
    • the action is not only happening now
    • the statement is always true
    John drives a taxi.
    pastpresentfuture

    It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
    Look at these examples:
    • I live in New York.
    • The Moon goes round the Earth.
    • John drives a taxi.
    • He does not drive a bus.
    • We meet every Thursday.
    • We do not work at night.
    • Do you play football?
    Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
    Am I right?
    Tara is not at home.
    You are happy.
    pastpresentfuture

    The situation is now.
     
    I am not fat.
    Why are you so beautiful?
    Ram is tall.
    pastpresentfuture

    The situation is general. Past, present and future.
     

    Now check your understanding »

    Simple Present Tense Quiz

    1Do you chocolate milk?
    2He not want to come to the movies.
    3 we too late to catch the bus?
    4It a beautiful day today.
    5Sorry, Lisa not here at the moment.
    6 I correct?
    7Robert not go to my school.
    8My parents in a 2 bedroom apartment.
    9We European.
    10You so happy today!


    Present Continuous Tense

    I am singing
    We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.

    How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?

    The structure of the present continuous tense is:
    subject+auxiliary verb+main verb
    bebase + ing
    Look at these examples:
    subjectauxiliary verbmain verb
    +Iamspeakingto you.
    +Youarereadingthis.
    -Sheisnotstayingin London.
    -Wearenotplayingfootball.
    ?IshewatchingTV?
    ?Aretheywaitingfor John?
    Use of Present Continuous Tense »

    How do we use the Present Continuous Tense?

    We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
    • action happening now
    • action in the future

    Present continuous tense for action happening now

    a) for action happening exactly now
    I am eating my lunch.
    pastpresentfuture




    The action is happening now.
    Look at these examples. Right now you are looking at this screen and at the same time...
    ...the pages are turning....the candle is burning....the numbers are spinning.
    b) for action happening around now
    The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now, and it is not permanent or habitual.
    John is going out with Mary.
    pastpresentfuture







    The action is happening around now.
    Look at these examples:
    • Muriel is learning to drive.
    • I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.

    Present continuous tense for the future

    We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future - if we add a future word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.
    I am taking my exam next month.
    pastpresentfuture

    !!!
    A firm plan or programme exists now.The action is in the future.
    Look at these examples:
    • We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..
    • They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
    • When are you starting your new job?
    In these examples, we have a firm plan or programme before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking.

    Spelling of Present Continuous Tense »

    How do we spell the Present Continuous Tense?

    We make the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it's simple - we just add -ing. But sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps we double the last letter, or we drop a letter. Here are the rules to help you know how to spell the present continuous tense.
    Basic ruleJust add -ing to the base verb:
    work>working
    play>playing
    assist>assisting
    see>seeing
    be>being
    Exception 1If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter:
    stop
    consonantstressed
    vowel
    consonant
    (vowels = a, e, i, o, u)
    stop>stopping
    run>running
    begin>beginning
    Note that this exception does not apply when the last syllable of the base verb is not stressed:
    open>opening
    Exception 2If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie to y:
    lie>lying
    die>dying
    Exception 3If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e:
    come>coming
    mistake>mistaking
    Now check your understanding »

    Present Continuous Tense Quiz

    1 they coming over for dinner?
    2Maxwell not sleeping on our sofa.
    3My mother-in-law is at our house this week.
    4I my dinner right now.
    5My sister Spanish.
    6I at the hair salon until September.
    7We at a fancy restaurant tonight. Jason decided this yesterday.
    8When do you your new art class?
    9They are a new record shop downtown.
    10Melissa is down on her bed.

    Present Perfect Tense

    I have sung
    The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English.
                

    How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?

    The structure of the present perfect tense is:
    subject+auxiliary verb+main verb
      have past participle
    Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:
     subjectauxiliary verb main verb 
    +Ihave seenET.
    +Youhave eatenmine.
    -Shehasnotbeento Rome.
    -Wehavenotplayedfootball.
    ?Haveyou finished? 
    ?Havethey doneit?

    Contractions with the present perfect tense

    When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.
    I haveI've
    You haveYou've
    He has
    She has
    It has
    John has
    The car has
    He's
    She's
    It's
    John's
    The car's
    We haveWe've
    They haveThey've
    Here are some examples:
    • I've finished my work.
    • John's seen ET.
    • They've gone home.

    How do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

    This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense:
    1. experience
    2. change
    3. continuing situation

    1. Present perfect tense for experience

    We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:
    I have seen ET.
    He has lived in Bangkok.
    Have you been there?
    We have never eaten caviar.
    pastpresentfuture

    !!!
    The action or state was in the past.In my head, I have a memory now. 
    Connection with past: the event was in the past.
    Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.

    2. Present perfect tense for change

    We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information:
    I have bought a car.
    pastpresentfuture
    -+ 
    Last week I didn't have a car.Now I have a car. 
     
    John has broken his leg.
    pastpresentfuture
    +- 
    Yesterday John had a good leg.Now he has a bad leg. 
     
    Has the price gone up?
    pastpresentfuture
    +- 
    Was the price $1.50 yesterday?Is the price $1.70 today? 
     
    The police have arrested the killer.
    pastpresentfuture
    -+ 
    Yesterday the killer was free.Now he is in prison. 
    Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present.
    Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.

    Americans do not use the present perfect tense so much as British speakers. Americans often use the past tense instead. An American might say "Did you have lunch?", where a British person would say "Have you had lunch?"

    3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation

    We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.
    I have worked here since June.
    He has been ill for 2 days.
    How long have you known Tara?
    pastpresentfuture

     
     
     
    The situation started in the past.It continues up to now.(It will probably continue into the future.)
    Connection with past: the situation started in the past.
    Connection with present: the situation continues in the present. 

    For & Since with Present Perfect Tense

    We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
    • We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
    • We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
    forsince
    a period of timea point in past time

    x------------
    20 minutes6.15pm
    three daysMonday
    6 monthsJanuary
    4 years1994
    2 centuries1800
    a long timeI left school
    everthe beginning of time
    etcetc
    Here are some examples:
    • I have been here for 20 minutes.
    • I have been here since 9 o'clock.
    • John hasn't called for 6 months.
    • John hasn't called since February.
    • He has worked in New York for a long time.
    • He has worked in New York since he left school.

    Present Perfect Tense Quiz

    1Lindsay not been to France.
    2 you finished your homework?
    3They gone to a rock concert.
    4 you been to Japan?
    5We never eaten Mexican food.
    6Andrea has her umbrella.
    7 the sun come up?
    8The children the lost puppy.
    9How long have you a vegetarian?
    10I haven't worked last December.



     Tips
    He's or he's??? Be careful! The 's contraction is used for the auxiliary verbs have and be. For example, "It's eaten" can mean:
    • It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
    • It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
    It is usually clear from the context.

    For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.


    Present Perfect Continuous Tense

    I have been singing

    How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

    The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:
    subject+auxiliary verb+auxiliary verb+main verb
      have
    has
     been base + ing
    Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense:
     subjectauxiliary verb auxiliary verbmain verb 
    +Ihave beenwaitingfor one hour.
    +Youhave beentalkingtoo much.
    -Ithasnotbeenraining. 
    -Wehavenotbeenplayingfootball.
    ?Haveyou beenseeingher?
    ?Havethey beendoingtheir homework?

    Contractions

    When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.
    I have beenI've been
    You have beenYou've been
    He has been
    She has been
    It has been
    John has been
    The car has been
    He's been
    She's been
    It's been
    John's been
    The car's been
    We have beenWe've been
    They have beenThey've been
    Here are some examples:
    • I've been reading.
    • The car's been giving trouble.
    • We've been playing tennis for two hours.

    How do we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

    This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense:

    1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped

    We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.
    I'm tired because I've been running.
    pastpresentfuture

    !!!
    Recent action.Result now. 
    • I'm tired [now] because I've been running.
    • Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?
    • You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening.

    2. An action continuing up to now

    We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.
    I have been reading for 2 hours.
    pastpresentfuture


    Action started in past.Action is continuing now. 
    • I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]
    • We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
    • How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]
    • We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]

    For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense

    We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
    • We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
    • We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
    forsince
    a period of timea point in past time

    x
    20 minutes6.15pm
    three daysMonday
    6 monthsJanuary
    4 years1994
    2 centuries1800
    a long timeI left school
    everthe beginning of time
    etcetc
    Here are some examples:
    • I have been studying for 3 hours.
    • I have been watching TV since 7pm.
    • Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
    • Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.
    • He has been playing football for a long time.
    • He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.
    Tip
    For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.


    Present Perfect Continuous Tense Quiz

    1It has snowing a lot this week.
    2 your brother and sister been getting along?
    3Rick been studying hard this semester.
    4I'm tired because I been working out.
    5Julie living in Italy since May.
    6How long have you been German.
    7We have been watching TV 3 hours.
    8You have too hard today.
    9Has it raining since you arrived?
    10My brother has been travelling he finished school.




                                                                                      Ref: http://www.englishclub.com


    Verb Forms

    English verbs come in several forms. For example, the verb to sing can be: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing or sings. This is a total of 6 forms. Not many, considering that some languages (French, for example) have more than 30 forms for an individual verb. English tenses may be quite complicated, but the forms that we use to make the tenses are actually very simple! With the exception of the verb to be, English main verbs have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. To be has 9 forms. Do not confuse verb forms with tenses. We use the different verb forms to make the tenses, but they are not the same thing.

    Forms of Main Verbs

    Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".
    Main verbs (except the verb "be") have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. "Be" has 9 forms.
    V1V2V3
    infinitivebasepast simplepast participlepresent participlepresent simple, 3rd person singular
    regular(to) workworkworkedworkedworkingworks
    irregular(to) sing
    (to) make
    (to) cut
    sing
    make
    cut
    sang
    made
    cut
    sung
    made
    cut
    singing
    making
    cutting
    sings
    makes
    cuts
    (to) do*
    (to) have*
    do
    have
    did
    had
    done
    had
    doing
    having
    does
    has
    infinitivebasepast simplepast participlepresent participlepresent simple
    (to) be*bewas, werebeenbeingam, are, is
    In the above examples:
    • to cut has 4 forms: to cut, cut, cutting, cuts
    • to work has 5 forms: to work, work, worked, working, works
    • to sing has 6 forms: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing, sings
    • to be has 9 forms: to be, be, was, were, been, being, am, is, are
    The infinitive can be with or without to. For example, to sing and sing are both infinitives. We often call the infinitive without to the "bare infinitive".
    At school, students usually learn by heart the base, past simple and past participle (sometimes called V1, V2, V3, meaning Verb 1, Verb 2, Verb 3) for the irregular verbs. They may spend many hours chanting: sing, sang, sung; go, went, gone; have, had, had; etc. They do not learn these for the regular verbs because the past simple and past participle are always the same: they are formed by adding "-ed" to the base. They do not learn the present participle and 3rd person singular present simple by heart - for another very simple reason: they never change. The present participle is always made by adding "-ing" to the base, and the 3rd person singular present simple is always made by adding "s" to the base (though there are some variations in spelling).
    * Note that "do", "have" and "be" also function as helping or auxiliary verbs, with exactly the same forms (except that as helping verbs they are never in infinitive form).

    Example Sentences

    These example sentences use main verbs in different forms.

    Infinitive

    • I want to work
    • He has to sing.
    • This exercise is easy to do.
    • Let him have one.
    • To be, or not to be, that is the question:

    Base - Imperative

    • Work well!
    • Make this.
    • Have a nice day.
    • Be quiet!

    Base - Present simple
    (except 3rd person singular)

    • I work in London.
    • You sing well.
    • They have a lot of money.

    Base - After modal auxiliary verbs

    • I can work tomorrow.
    • You must sing louder.
    • They might do it.
    • You could be right.

    Past simple

    • I worked yesterday.
    • She cut his hair last week.
    • They had a good time.
    • They were surprised, but I was not.

    Past participle

    • I have worked here for five years.
    • He needs a folder made of plastic.
    • It is done like this.
    • I have never been so happy.

    Present participle

    • I am working.
    • Singing well is not easy.
    • Having finished, he went home.
    • You are being silly!

    3rd person singular, present simple

    • He works in London.
    • She sings well.
    • She has a lot of money.
    • It is Vietnamese.

    Forms of Helping Verbs

    All helping verbs are used with a main verb (either expressed or understood*). There are 2 groups of helping verbs:
    • Primary helping verbs, used mainly to change the tense or voice of the main verb, and in making questions and negatives.
    • Modal helping verbs, used to change the "mood" of the main verb.
    Study the table below. It shows the prinicipal forms and uses of helping verbs, and explains the differences between primary and modal helping verbs.
    * Sometimes we make a sentence that has a helping verb and seems to have no main verb. In fact, the main verb is "understood". Look at the following examples:
    • Question: Can you speak English? (The main verb speak is "expressed".)
    • Answer: Yes, I can. (The main verb speak is not expressed. It is "understood" from the context. We understand: Yes, I can speak English.
    But if somebody walked into the room and said "Hello. I can", we would understand nothing!
    Helping Verbs
    PrimaryModal
    do(to make simple tenses, and questions and negatives)cancould
    be(to make continuous tenses, and the passive voice)maymight
    have(to make perfect tenses)willwould

    shallshould
    must
    ought (to)
    "Do", "be" and "have" as helping verbs have exactly the same forms as when they are main verbs (except that as helping verbs they are never used in infinitive forms).Modal helping verbs are invariable. They always have the same form.
    Primary helping verbs are followed by the main verb in a particular form:
    • do + V1 (base verb)
    • be + -ing (present participle)
    • have + V3 (past participle)
    "Ought" is followed by the main verb in infinitive form. Other modal helping verbs are followed by the main verb in its base form (V1).
    • ought + to... (infinitive)
    • other modals + V1 (base verb)
    "Do", "be" and "have" can also function as main verbs.Modal helping verbs cannot function as main verbs.
    Now check your understanding »

    Main Verb Forms Quiz

    1Baking cookies is very easy.
    2A bird sang to me this morning.
    3I want to be a fireman when I finish school.
    4Have anything you like, except the champagne.
    5We might not finish our work on time.
    6I asked your brother to go to the store for me.
    7It is a sunny day today.
    8We are in the kitchen doing the dishes.
    9The dogs were fed an hour ago.
    10He walks to my car with me at night.

                                                                                                 Ref:  http://www.englishclub.com